Performances and Conversations With the Arts Hiram Johnson High School
| Hiram Johnson | |
|---|---|
 | |
| United States Senator from California | |
| In office March 16, 1917 – August 6, 1945 | |
| Preceded by | John D. Works |
| Succeeded past | William Knowland |
| 23rd Governor of California | |
| In function January 3, 1911 – March fifteen, 1917 | |
| Lieutenant | A. J. Wallace John Morton Eshleman William Stephens |
| Preceded by | James Gillett |
| Succeeded by | William Stephens |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Hiram Warren Johnson (1866-09-02)September ii, 1866 Sacramento, California, U.S. |
| Died | August half-dozen, 1945(1945-08-06) (aged 78) Bethesda, Maryland, U.S. |
| Resting place | Cypress Backyard Memorial Park |
| Political political party | Republican |
| Other political affiliations | Progressive (1912–1916) |
| Spouse(s) | Minne McNeal |
| Children | 2 |
| Didactics | Heald College Academy of California, Berkeley |
Hiram Warren Johnson (September two, 1866 – Baronial vi, 1945) was an American attorney and politician who served as the 23rd governor of California from 1911 to 1917. Johnson achieved national prominence in the early on 20th century. He was elected in 1916 past the state legislature as the Us Senator from California, where he was repeatedly re-elected and served until 1945.
As a governor, Johnson was a leading American progressive. He ran for vice president on Theodore Roosevelt's Progressive ticket in the 1912 presidential ballot. As a Usa senator, Johnson became a leading liberal isolationist, among those "Irreconcilables" who opposed the Treaty of Versailles and rejected the League of Nations. Later, Johnson was likewise a vocal opponent of the Un Charter.
After having worked as a stenographer and reporter, Johnson embarked on a legal career. He began his exercise in his hometown of Sacramento, California. After he moved to San Francisco, he worked equally an banana commune attorney. Gaining statewide renown for his prosecutions of public corruption, Johnson won the 1910 California gubernatorial election with the backing of the Lincoln–Roosevelt League. He instituted several progressive reforms, establishing a railroad committee and introducing aspects of direct republic, such as the ability to recall state officials. Having joined with Roosevelt and other progressives to form the Progressive Party, Johnson won the political party'southward 1912 vice-presidential nomination. In one of the best third-party performances in U.S. history, the ticket finished 2d nationally in the pop and electoral votes.
Johnson was elected to the Usa Senate in 1916, condign a leader of the chamber's Progressive Republicans. He made his biggest mark in the Senate equally an early voice for isolationism, opposing U.S. entry into World War I and U.S. participation in the League of Nations.
He unsuccessfully sought the Republican presidential nomination in 1920 and 1924. He supported Autonomous nominee Franklin D. Roosevelt in the 1932 presidential election. While Johnson initially supported many of Roosevelt's New Deal programs, he became more hostile to FDR after the latter was re-elected in 1936. He served in the Senate until his death in role in 1945.
Early years [edit]
Hiram Johnson was born in Sacramento on September 2, 1866. His begetter, Grove Lawrence Johnson, was a Republican U.South. Representative and a fellow member of the California State Legislature whose career was marred by accusations of election fraud and graft. His female parent, Annie De Montfredy, was a descendant of a family of French Huguenots who had emigrated to the American colonies in the early 18th century to escape religious persecution after the Edict of Fontainebleau. She was a member of the Daughters of the American Revolution based on her descent from Pierre Van Cortlandt and Philip Van Cortlandt. Johnson had one brother and iii sisters.[ane]
After attending public schools and Heald College, Johnson worked as a shorthand reporter and stenographer in law offices. He eventually studied police force at the University of California, Berkeley, where he was a fellow member of the Chi Phi Fraternity. After his admission to the bar in 1888, Johnson ready a legal practice in Sacramento.
In 1902, Johnson moved to San Francisco. He was hired as an assistant district attorney and became agile in reform politics. He attracted statewide attending in 1908 when he assisted DA Francis J. Heney in the prosecution of Abe Ruef and Mayor Eugene Schmitz for graft. After Heney was shot in the courtroom in an attempted assassination, Johnson took the pb for the prosecution and won the instance. Only Ruef served prison time.
Governor of California (1911–17) [edit]
Johnson during his tenure as governor
Johnson and newly elected Lieutenant Governor A.J. Wallace, right, in the Los Angeles Herald, November 9, 1910
In 1910, Johnson won the gubernatorial ballot as a member of the Lincoln–Roosevelt League, a Progressive Republican motion running on a platform opposed to the Southern Pacific Railroad. During his campaign, he toured the land in an open motorcar, covering thousands of miles and visiting small-scale communities throughout California that were inaccessible past rail.[2] Johnson helped establish rules that made voting and the political procedure easier. For example, he established rules to facilitate recalls. This measure was used on Governor Grey Davis in 2003.[three]
In office, Johnson was a populist who promoted a number of democratic reforms: the election of U.S. Senators by directly popular vote rather than the state legislature (which was later ratified nationwide by a constitutional amendment), cross-filing, initiative, referendum, and recall elections. Johnson'south reforms gave California a degree of straight commonwealth unmatched by any other U.S. land at the time.
Johnson was besides instrumental in reining in the power of the Southern Pacific Railroad through the establishment of a state railroad commission. On taking office, Johnson paroled Chris Evans, convicted as the Southern Pacific train bandit, but required that he leave California.
Hiram Johnson at the 1913 California State Off-white
Although initially opposed to the bill, Johnson gave in to political pressure level and supported the California Conflicting State Constabulary of 1913, which prevented Asian immigrants from owning land in the state (they were already excluded from naturalized citizenship because of their race).[4]
1912 vice presidential entrada [edit]
In 1912, Johnson was a founder of the national Progressive Party and ran as the political party'south vice presidential candidate, sharing a ticket with former President Theodore Roosevelt. Roosevelt and Johnson narrowly carried California but finished 2nd nationally behind the Democratic ticket of Woodrow Wilson and Thomas Marshall. Their second-place finish, alee of incumbent Republican President William Howard Taft, remains among the strongest for any third political party in American history.
Johnson was re-elected governor of California in 1914, gaining nearly twice the votes of his opponent.[5]
U.Southward. Senator (1917–45) [edit]
Refusing to requite the lady [Peace Treaty of Versailles] a seat—by Senators Borah, Gild and Johnson
'Gainst the League, Aint' You lot, Warren? July 26, 1920 political cartoon showing Johnson trying to force President Warren Harding against the League of Nations; Harding was already anti-League of Nations
In 1916, Johnson ran successfully for the U.S. Senate, defeating Democrat George S. Patton Sr. He took role on March 16, 1917. Johnson was elected as a staunch opponent of American entry into Earth War I, and allegedly said, "The commencement casualty when state of war comes is truth." Nonetheless, this quote may exist counterfeit.[6] As an isolationist, Johnson voted against the League of Nations during his kickoff term.
During his Senate career, Johnson served as chairman of the Committees on Cuban Relations (Sixty-sixth Congress), Patents (Sixty-seventh Congress), Immigration (Lx-8th through 70-first Congresses), Territories and Insular Possessions (Threescore-eighth Congress), and Commerce (Seventy-first and Seventy-second Congresses).
In the Senate, Johnson helped push button through the Immigration Act of 1924, having worked with Valentine S. McClatchy and other anti-Japanese lobbyists to prohibit Japanese and other East Asian immigrants from entering the Us.[4]
In the early 1920s, the motion motion picture industry sought to establish a self-regulatory process to fend off official censorship. Senator Johnson was among 3 candidates identified to head a new group, alongside Herbert Hoover and Volition H. Hays. Hays, who had managed President Harding's 1920 campaign, was ultimately named to head the new Motion Movie Producers and Distributors of America in early 1922.[7]
Equally Senator, Johnson proved extremely pop. In 1934, he was re-elected with 94.five percentage of the popular vote; he was nominated by both the Republican and Democratic parties and his merely opponent was Socialist George Ross Kirkpatrick.[8]
In 1943, a confidential analysis of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, made by British scholar Isaiah Berlin for his Foreign Office, stated that Johnson:
- is the Isolationists' elderberry statesman and the just surviving member of the [William Due east.] Borah-[Henry Cabot] Order-Johnson combination which led the fight against the League in 1919 and 1920. He is an implacable and uncompromising Isolationist with immense prestige in California, of which he has twice been Governor. His election to the Senate has not been opposed for many years by either party. He is acutely Pacific-conscious and is a champion of a more adequate defence of the West Coast. He is a member of the Subcontract Bloc and is au fond, against foreign diplomacy equally such; his view of Europe equally a sink of iniquity has not changed in any item since 1912, when he founded a brusk-lived progressive political party. His prestige in Congress is even so great and his parliamentary skill should non exist underestimated.[9]
In 1945, Johnson was absent when the vote took identify for ratification of Un Charter, but made it known that he would have voted against this outcome.[ commendation needed ] Senators Henrik Shipstead and William Langer were the merely ones to bandage votes opposing ratification.[10]
Presidential politics [edit]
Post-obit Theodore Roosevelt's decease in January 1919, Johnson was regarded as the natural leader of the Progressive Party. Johnson ran for President as a Republican. He was defeated for the Republican presidential nomination by conservative U.S. Senator Warren Harding of Ohio. Johnson did not go the support of Roosevelt's family, who instead supported Roosevelt's long-time friend Leonard Wood. At the convention, Johnson was asked to serve as Harding's running mate, merely he declined.[xi]
Johnson sought the 1924 Republican nomination confronting President Calvin Coolidge, but his campaign was derailed afterward he lost the California primary. Johnson declined to challenge Herbert Hoover for the 1928 presidential nomination, instead choosing to seek re-election to the Senate.[11]
In the 1932 presidential election, Johnson bankrupt with President Hoover. He was one of the virtually prominent Republicans to support Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt.[eleven] During Roosevelt'southward first term, Johnson supported the president's New Bargain economical recovery package and frequently 'crossed the flooring' to help the Democrats. He endorsed FDR in the 1936 presidential election as well[ commendation needed ], but he never switched political party affiliation. Johnson became disenchanted with Roosevelt and the New Bargain following FDR's unsuccessful attempt to increase the size of the Supreme Court.
Personal life [edit]
Hiram Johnson Sr. (left) with his oldest son, Hiram Johnson Jr. c. 1920–1925
He married Minne L. McNeal during his time as San Francisco Assistant District Attorney. The couple had ii sons: Hiram W. Johnson, Jr., and Archibald McNeal Johnson.[12] [13]
From 1917 to 1929, he and his family unit resided at the Riversdale Mansion in Riverdale Park, Maryland.
Decease [edit]
The front page of the Los Angeles Times for August 7, 1945, reporting the US atomic bomb attack on Hiroshima and the death of Johnson.
Having served in the Senate for almost 30 years, Johnson died in the Naval Infirmary in Bethesda, Maryland, on August 6, 1945, the aforementioned day every bit the The states conducted atomic bombing of Hiroshima. He was interred in Cypress Lawn Memorial Park in Colma, California.
Legacy [edit]
Johnson gained some recognition in the media and general public during the 2003 California remember election considering he was the most important person behind the introduction of the law that allowed state officials to exist recalled. Arnold Schwarzenegger, the eventual winner, referred to Johnson'due south progressive legacy in his campaign speeches.
On August 25, 2009, Governor Schwarzenegger and his wife, Maria Shriver, announced that Johnson would be one of 13 inducted into the California Hall of Fame.
Johnson held the record equally California'southward longest-serving The states Senator for over 75 years, until information technology was broken past Dianne Feinstein on March 28, 2021.[fourteen]
The Hiram Johnson papers reside at the Bancroft Library at the University of California, Berkeley.[15]
Hiram Johnson High Schoolhouse in Sacramento, California is named in his honor.
Run across also [edit]
- Listing of Usa Congress members who died in office (1900–49)
References [edit]
- ^ "HON. HIRAM WARREN JOHNSON". freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com . Retrieved 18 Baronial 2017.
- ^ Michelson, Marion (xix November 1910). "Hiram Johnson Stumped the State in Machine Prompt at Every Appointment". Sausalito News. Vol. 26, no. 47. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
- ^ "Hiram Johnson, California Studies Weekly". Archived from the original on May 27, 2021. Retrieved May 27, 2021.
- ^ a b Niiya, Brian. "Hiram Johnson". Densho Encyclopedia. Retrieved Oct 29, 2014.
- ^ "The only successful progressive leader". The Contained. Nov 16, 1914. Retrieved July 24, 2012.
- ^ Wikiquote, Hiram Johnson
- ^ "Volition Hays: America's Morality Arbiter" Archived 2011-09-07 at the Wayback Machine, "Source: 'Will Hays.' Encyclopedia of World Biography Supplement, Vol. 21. Gale Group, 2001." Retrieved 2011-09-12.
- ^ "HarpWeek – Elections – 1912 Biographies". elections.harpweek.com . Retrieved eighteen August 2017.
- ^ Hachey, Thomas Eastward. (Wintertime 1973–1974). "American Profiles on Capitol Colina: A Confidential Study for the British Foreign Part in 1943" (PDF). Wisconsin Magazine of History. 57 (ii): 141–153. JSTOR 4634869. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 21, 2013.
- ^ "Congressional Record" (PDF) . Retrieved 18 August 2017.
- ^ a b c Hamilton, Marty (September 1962). "Bull Moose Plays an Encore: Hiram Johnson and the Presidential Campaign of 1932". California Historical Society Quarterly. 41 (3): 211–221. JSTOR 25155490.
- ^ "HIRAM JOHNSON JR. PROPOSED FOR Chore". San Francisco Call. 14 May 1911. Retrieved 13 February 2021.
- ^ Willis, William Fifty. (1913). History of Sacramento Canton, California: Biographical Sketches of The Leading Men and Women of the County Who Have Been Identified With Its Growth and Development from the Early on Days to the Present. Los Angeles, California: Historic Record Company. Retrieved 13 February 2021. Transcribed by Peggy Hooper, 2011
- ^ Haberkorn, Jennifer (March 28, 2021). [Dianne Feinstein becomes California's longest-serving U.S. senator "Dianne Feinstein becomes California'southward longest-serving U.Due south. senator"]. Los Angeles Times.
- ^ Hiram Johnson papers, 1895–1945
Further reading [edit]
- Blackford, Mansel Griffiths. "Businessmen and the regulation of railroads and public utilities in California during the Progressive Era." Business History Review 44.03 (1970): 307–319.
- Feinman, Ronald L. Twilight of progressivism: the western Republican senators and the New Deal (Johns Hopkins University Printing, 1981)
- Le Pore, Herbert P. "Prelude to Prejudice: Hiram Johnson, Woodrow Wilson, and the California Alien Land Law Controversy of 1913." Southern California Quarterly (1979): 99–110. in JSTOR
- Lower, Richard Coke. A Bloc of I: The Political Career of Hiram Westward. Johnson (Stanford University Press, 1993)
- McKee, Irving. "The Groundwork and Early on Career of Hiram Warren Johnson, 1866–1910." Pacific Historical Review (1950): 17–30. in JSTOR
- Miller, Karen A.J. Populist nationalism: Republican insurgency and American strange policy making, 1918–1925 (Greenwood, 1999)
- Olin, Spencer C. California'due south prodigal sons: Hiram Johnson and the Progressives, 1911–1917 (U of California Press, 1968)
- Olin, Spencer C. "Hiram Johnson, the California Progressives, and the Hughes Campaign of 1916." The Pacific Historical Review (1962): 403–412. in JSTOR
- Olin, Spencer C. "Hiram Johnson, the Lincoln-Roosevelt League, and the Election of 1910." California Historical Guild Quarterly (1966): 225–240. in JSTOR
- Shover, John Fifty. "The progressives and the working class vote in California." Labor History (1969) 10#4 pp: 584–601. online
- Weatherson, Michael A., and Hal Bochin. Hiram Johnson: Political Revivalist (University Press of America, 1995)
- Weatherson, Michael A., and Hal Bochin. Hiram Johnson: A Bio-Bibliography (Greenwood Press, 1988)
Primary sources [edit]
- Johnson, Hiram. The diary letters of Hiram Johnson, 1917–1945 (Vol. ane. Garland Publishing, 1983)
External links [edit]
U.s.a. Congress. "JOHNSON, Hiram Warren (id: J000140)". Biographical Directory of the U.s.a. Congress.
- Guide to the Hiram Johnson Papers at the Bancroft Library
- Hiram Warren Johnson at Detect a Grave
Athenaeum [edit]
- [1] Robert East. Burke Drove at the Labor Archives of the Academy of Washington Libraries]
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiram_Johnson
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